Chapter 01
The Changing Boundaries of Criminology

Multiple Choice Questions
 
1. According to the wheel of terrorism, which is not a transnational crime that is directly relevant to terrorism? 
A. illicit arms trafficking
B. money laundering
C. animal poaching
D. computer crime

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2. Who initially coined the term "criminology" in 1885? 
A. Cesare Lombroso
B. Raffaele Garofalo
C. Enrico Ferri
D. Paul Topinard

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3. Edwin H. Sutherland mandated that criminologists, like all other scientists, collect information for study and analysis in accordance with 
A. the research methods of modern science.
B. history.
C. the law.
D. what the research design will allow.

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4. Which of the following disciplines is related to criminology? 
A. sociology
B. economics
C. political science
D. all of these

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5. Criminology is the scientific study of 
A. the making of laws.
B. the breaking of laws.
C. society's reaction to the breaking of laws.
D. all of these

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6. Natural-law philosophers believed that 
A. some forms of behavior are innately criminal.
B. homicide and theft should not be universally condemned.
C. criminology is narrowly focused on crime.
D. none of these

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7. All early societies imposed punishment for acts that were detrimental to their existence, such as 
A. homicide.
B. treason.
C. theft.
D. vandalism.

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8. Research has revealed that society's reaction to lawbreaking has often been 
A. productive.
B. irrational.
C. nonarbitrary.
D. impassive.

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9. According to Emile Durkheim, an act can be considered criminal if it violates or offends the 
A. criminal law.
B. civil law.
C. collective conscience.
D. natural law.

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10. The consensus model of law assumes that 
A. members of society by and large agree on what is right and wrong.
B. the appropriate object of criminological investigation is conflict within society.
C. the criminal justice system is a means of controlling the classes that have no power.
D. the criminal law expresses the values of the ruling class in a society.

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11. The conflict model of law assumes that 
A. certain acts are deemed so threatening to the society's survival that they are designated crimes.
B. the criminal law expresses the values of the ruling class in a society.
C. members of a society by and large agree on what is right.
D. society is a stable entity in which laws are created for the general good.

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12. Conflict theorists claim that the basic feature of human existence is 
A. a struggle for power.
B. consensus.
C. a sense of belonging.
D. turbulence.

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13. Scientists who study the criminal justice system are referred to as 
A. sociologists.
B. criminologists.
C. criminalists.
D. criminal justice specialists.

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14. Criminology generally focuses on the study of 
A. decision-making processes.
B. the efficiency of the criminal justice system.
C. correctional systems.
D. criminality.

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15. Criminal justice generally focuses on all of the following areas except 
A. the just treatment of offenders.
B. the needs of victims.
C. crime.
D. the effect of sentencing philosophy.

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16. A common characteristic of the criminal justice systems in the United States is that 
A. they are based on constitutional principles.
B. they are unrelated to the heritage of the common law.
C. they are based on the assumption that crime is a universal event calling for a federal response.
D. they are based on the assumption that crime is unrelated to opportunity.

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17. In the early twentieth century, criminal behavior was attributed to 
A. opportunity.
B. feeblemindedness.
C. heredity.
D. maliciousness.

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18. Which of the following is not a characteristic of terrorism? 
A. It involves the use or threat of violence.
B. It is politically motivated.
C. It is generally local in nature.
D. It is related to a host of transnational crimes.

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19. Which of the following transnational crimes is not related to the financial support of terrorism? 
A. illicit drug trafficking
B. destruction of cultural property
C. money laundering
D. infiltration of legal business

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20. Who generated the most widely accepted definition of criminology? 
A. Cesare Beccaria
B. Edwin Sutherland
C. Cesare Lombroso
D. Raffaele Garofalo

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21. Criminologists distinguish between which two conflicting perspectives on the origin of criminal law? 
A. political and scientific
B. sociological and psychological
C. criminological and criminal justice
D. conflict and consensus

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True / False Questions
 
22. A crime is any human conduct that violates a criminal law and is subject to punishment. 
TRUE

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23. Criminology is not an empirical science. 
FALSE

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24. The term "deviance" describes behavior that violates social norms. 
TRUE

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25. Conflict theorists view society as a stable entity in which laws are created for the general good. 
FALSE

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26. In saying that criminologists have to study the process of lawbreaking, Edwin H. Sutherland meant that they should particularly determine whether someone has violated the criminal law. 
FALSE

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Essay Questions
 
27. Explain the seven forms of transnational criminality that are in the wheel of terrorism, and explain their relationship to terrorism. 
Answers will vary.
 
28. Explain the similarities and differences between deviance and crime, and provide examples. 
Answers will vary.
 
29. Contrast the consensus model and conflict model of law and crime. 
Answers will vary.

30. Discuss Edwin H. Sutherland's definition of criminology and why criminology can be described as a multidiscipline. 
Answers will vary.