Chapter 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

MULTIPLE CHOICE

	1.	The anatomic term ____ means toward the midline.
a.	anterior	
b.	posterior	
c.	medial	
d.	cranial	

ANS:	C
The term medial indicates an anatomic direction toward the midline.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Page 1	OBJ:	2
TOP:	Anatomic terminology	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	2.	What are the smallest living components in our body?
a.	Cells	
b.	Organs	
c.	Electrons	
d.	Osmosis	

ANS:	A
Cells are considered to be the smallest living units of structure and function in our body.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Page 4	OBJ:	6
TOP:	Structural levels of organization	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A
MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	3.	What is the largest organelle, responsible for cell reproduction and control of other organelles?
a.	Nucleus	
b.	Ribosome	
c.	Mitochondrion	
d.	Golgi apparatus	

ANS:	A
The nucleus is the largest organelle within the cell.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Page 5	OBJ:	8
TOP:	Parts of the cell		KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	4.	When the patient complains of pain in the bladder, the patient will indicate discomfort in which body cavity?
a.	Pelvic	
b.	Mediastinum	
c.	Dorsal	
d.	Abdominal	

ANS:	A
A subdivision called the pelvic cavity contains the lower portion of the large intestine (lower sigmoid colon, rectum), urinary bladder, and internal structures of the reproductive system.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Comprehension	REF:	Page 3, Figure 1-4	
OBJ:	5	TOP:	Body cavity	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	5.	The four phases of cell division all occur in:
a.	diffusion.	
b.	mitosis.	
c.	osmosis.	
d.	filtration.	

ANS:	B
During mitosis, the cell goes through four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Page 7	OBJ:	9
TOP:	Cell division	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A	
MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	6.	Telophase is which phase of cell reproduction during mitosis?
a.	First phase	
b.	Latent phase	
c.	Final phase	
d.	Spindle phase	

ANS:	C
During mitosis, the cell goes through four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Page 7	OBJ:	9
TOP:	Cell division	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A	
MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	7.	The nurse is aware that which muscle group is both striated and involuntary?
a.	Skeletal	
b.	Glial	
c.	Cardiac	
d.	Visceral	

ANS:	C
The cardiac muscle is both striated and involuntary.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Page 9-10, Figure 1-12
OBJ:	11	TOP:	Tissues	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Planning
MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	8.	What is a group of several different kinds of tissues arranged so that together they can perform a more complex function than any tissue alone?
a.	Organ	
b.	System	
c.	Cell	
d.	Endoplasmic reticulum	

ANS:	A
When several kinds of tissues are united to perform a more complex function than any tissue alone, they are called organs.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Page 11	OBJ:	7
TOP:	Organs	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A	
MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	9.	What traits describe visceral muscles?
a.	Smooth and voluntary	
b.	Smooth and involuntary	
c.	Striated and voluntary	
d.	Striated and involuntary	

ANS:	B
Visceral (smooth) muscles will not function at will; thus, they act involuntarily.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Page 9, Figure 1-12	
OBJ:	7	TOP:	Tissues	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	10.	How are the thoracic and abdominal cavities separated?
a.	By the pleura	
b.	By the diaphragm	
c.	By the sagittal plane	
d.	By the peritoneum	

ANS:	B
The diaphragm (a muscle directly beneath the lungs) separates the ventral cavity into the thoracic (chest) and abdominal cavities.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Page 10, Figure 1-3	
OBJ:	3	TOP:	Ventral cavity			
KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Assessment	MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	11.	What is the broad section of biology dealing with the description of human structure?
a.	Hematology	
b.	Anatomy	
c.	Kinesiology	
d.	Physiology	

ANS:	B
Anatomy is the study, classification, and description of the structure and organs of the body.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Page 1	OBJ:	1
TOP:	Terminology			KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A
MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	12.	____ explains the processes and functions of many structures of the body and how they interact with one another.
a.	Anatomy	
b.	Mitosis	
c.	Filtration	
d.	Physiology	

ANS:	D
Physiology explains the processes and functions of the various structures and how they interrelate with one another.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Page 1	OBJ:	1
TOP:	Terminology			KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A
MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	13.	The anatomic structure that is not in the thoracic cavity is/are the _____.
a.	Heart	
b.	Lungs	
c.	Blood vessels	
d.	Transverse colon	

ANS:	D
The transverse colon is located in the abdominal cavity.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Comprehension	REF:	Page 2, Figure 1-3	
OBJ:	5	TOP:	Thoracic cavity		
KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Assessment	MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	14.	When several organs and parts are grouped together for certain functions, they form:
a.	tissues.	
b.	systems.	
c.	cells.	
d.	membranes.	

ANS:	B
A system is an organization of varying numbers and kinds of organs arranged so that together they can perform complex functions for the body.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Page 4	OBJ:	7
TOP:	Systems	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Assessment	
MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	15.	What are the distinct surface proteins of the plasma membrane essential in determining?
a.	Tissue typing	
b.	Blood count	
c.	Effectiveness of a drug	
d.	Sexual maturity	

ANS:	A
The plasma membrane has distinct surface proteins as coming from one individual.  This is the basis for the procedure of tissue typing to determine compatibility before an organ transplant.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Comprehension	REF:	Page 5	OBJ:	12
TOP:	Cells	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Assessment	
MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	16.	In anatomic terminology, posterior means toward the:
a.	tail.	
b.	head.	
c.	back.	
d.	trunk.	

ANS:	C
The posterior is toward the back.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Page 1	OBJ:	2
TOP:	Anatomic terminology	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	17.	What does the transverse body plane divide?
a.	The front and back (coronal) of the body	
b.	The body lengthwise (two equal halves)	
c.	The superior and inferior portions of the body	
d.	The body into axial and appendicular	

ANS:	C
The transverse plane cuts the body horizontally into the sagittal and the frontal planes, dividing the body into caudal and cranial portions.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Page 2, Figure 1-2	
OBJ:	3	TOP:	Body planes	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	18.	Caudal is defined as toward the ____.
a.	head	
b.	feet	
c.	tail	
d.	chest	

ANS:	C
Caudal is a directional word that indicates toward the “tail,” the distal portion of the spine.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Page 1	OBJ:	3
TOP:	Anatomic terminology	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	19.	What is the term for movement of water from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration?
a.	Absorption	
b.	Filtration	
c.	Diffusion	
d.	Osmosis	

ANS:	D
Osmosis is the passage of water from less concentrated solution to more concentrated solution.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Page 8, Table 1-4	
OBJ:	10	TOP:	Transport processes		
KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Assessment	MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	20.	What is the type of tissue composed of cells that contract in response to a message from the brain or spinal cord?
a.	Epithelial	
b.	Connective	
c.	Membrane	
d.	Muscle	

ANS:	D
Muscle tissue is composed of cells that contract in response to a message from the brain or spinal cord.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Page 9	OBJ:	7
TOP:	Tissues	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Assessment	
MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	21.	What is the type of tissue associated with the storage of fat?
a.	Areolar tissue	
b.	Adipose tissue	
c.	Osseous tissue	
d.	Muscle tissue	

ANS:	B
Adipose tissue is associated with the important function of storing fat.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Page 9-10, Table 1-5	
OBJ:	11	TOP:	Tissues	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	22.	What are the thin sheets of tissue that lubricate and line the body surfaces that open to the outside environment?
a.	Mucous membranes	
b.	Serous membranes	
c.	Cytoplasm	
d.	Involuntary visceral muscles	

ANS:	A
Mucous membranes secrete mucus. They line the body surfaces that open to the outside environment.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Page 11	OBJ:	7
TOP:	Tissues	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Assessment	
MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	23.	What is the process by which a cell digests a foreign material by surrounding it?
a.	Pinocytosis	
b.	Phagocytosis	
c.	Absorption	
d.	Diffusion	

ANS:	B
Phagocytosis is the process that permits a cell to engulf or surround any foreign material and digest it.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Pages 7-8, Table 1-3	
OBJ:	10	TOP:	Active transport processes	
KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Assessment	MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	24.	Active transport in the movement of ions and other water-soluble particles across cell membranes requires that the body uses its::
a.	rapid filtration.	
b.	charged diffusion.	
c.	a chemical pump.	
d.	osmosis.	

ANS:	C
Active transport of ions and other water-soluble particles of the cell membrane require a chemical pump, such as insulin, to move glucose into the cell.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Comprehension	REF:	Page 8, Table 1-4	
OBJ:	10	TOP:	Active transport processes	
KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Assessment	MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	25.	What is the term for the passage of water containing dissolved materials through a membrane as the result of a greater mechanical force on one side?
a.	Metabolism	
b.	Mitosis	
c.	Filtration	
d.	Osmosis	

ANS:	C
Filtration is the movement of water and particles through a membrane by a force from either pressure or gravity.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Page 8, Table 1-4	
OBJ:	10	TOP:	Passive transport processes	
KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Assessment	MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	26.	The nurse is aware that when a patient complains of pain in the epigastric region, the source of the pain is most likely to be a disorder involving the:
a.	gallbladder.	
b.	transverse colon.	
c.	stomach.	
d.	appendix.	

ANS:	C
The epigastric region of the abdomen is comprised of parts of the right and left lobes of the liver and a large portion of the stomach.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Comprehension	REF:	Page 3, Figure 1-4	
OBJ:	5	TOP:	Epigastric region		
KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Assessment	MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	27.	What are tissues that cover the outside of the body and some internal structures?
a.	Connective	
b.	Epithelial	
c.	Nerve	
d.	Muscle	

ANS:	B
Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body and some of the internal structures.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Page 9	OBJ:	7
TOP:	Tissues	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Assessment	
MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	28.	When the nurse assesses an arm in proximal to distal order, the assessment is performed from:
a.	the shoulder to the fingers.	
b.	front to back.	
c.	fingers to the center of the body.	
d.	center of the body to the fingers.	

ANS:	A
Proximal is nearest the origin of the structure. Distal is farthest from the origin of the structure.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Comprehension	REF:	Page 2	OBJ:	3
TOP:	Anatomic terminology	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	29.	What is the function of epithelial membranes?
a.	Secretes mucus, lines ends of bones, and lines bursae	
b.	Lines ends of bones, secretes synovial fluid, and lines internal surfaces of organs	
c.	Covers the wall of lower digestive tract, secretes mucus, and lines lungs, peritoneum, and pericardium	
d.	Lines lungs, peritoneum, and pericardium, and secretes synovial fluid	

ANS:	C
The epithelial membrane secretes mucus, lines the lungs, peritoneum, and pericardium, and covers the wall of the lower digestive tract. The synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid to prevent friction between joints and the ends of bones, and lines the bursae found between moving body parts.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Page 11	OBJ:	7
TOP:	Tissues	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Assessment	
MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	30.	The nurse explains that pinocytosis is a process by which cells:
a.	divide.	
b.	take in extracellular fluid.	
c.	use a chemical pump.	
d.	convert mitochondria.	

ANS:	B
Pinocytosis is a process by which the cell wall makes an indentation allowing extracellular fluid to fill in, then encloses it into the cell.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Comprehension	REF:	Pages 7-8, Table 1-3	
OBJ:	10	TOP:	Pinocytosis	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Implementation
MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

MULTIPLE RESPONSE

	31.	Which are among the 11 body systems? (Select all that apply.)
a.	Lymphatic	
b.	Cellular	
c.	Digestive	
d.	Reproductive	
e.	Accessory	
f.	Spinal cord	

ANS:	A, C, D
There are 11 body systems: integumentary, respiratory, skeletal, digestive, muscular, nervous, endocrine, urinary, reproductive, cardiovascular, and lymphatic.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Page 12, Table 1-6	
OBJ:	7	TOP:	Body systems			
KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Assessment	MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	32.	Which of the following are characteristics of visceral muscles? (Select all that apply.)
a.	Involuntary	
b.	Smooth	
c.	Striated	
d.	Independent from the spinal cord	
e.	Voluntary	
f.	Present in the blood vessels	

ANS:	A, B, F
Smooth muscles are smooth, involuntary, and respond to messages from the spinal cord.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Application	REF:	Page 9	OBJ:	7
TOP:	Voluntary muscle		KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	33.	Which of the following are passive transport mechanisms that move material across the cell membranes? (Select all that apply.)
a.	Diffusion	
b.	Evaporation	
c.	Filtration	
d.	Osmosis	
e.	Mitosis	
f.	Anaphase	

ANS:	A, C, D
The passive transport systems are diffusion, filtration, and osmosis.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Comprehension	REF:	Page 8, Table 1-4	
OBJ:	10	TOP:	Passive transport system	
KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Assessment	MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	34.	The nurse clarifies that the dorsal cavity is composed of the (select all that apply) :
a.	Descending colon	
b.	Kidneys	
c.	Gallbladder	
d.	Brain	
e.	Pancreas	
f.	Spinal cavities	

ANS:	D, F
The dorsal cavity is composed of the brain and the spinal cavities. The spinal cavities hold the cord and the meninges.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Comprehension	REF:	Page 3	OBJ:	5
TOP:	Dorsal cavity			KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Implementation
MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

COMPLETION

	35.	The nurse clarifies that the three functions of epithelial tissue are _____________,___________, and __________.

ANS:	
protection, absorption, secretion
absorption, secretion, protection
absorption, protection, secretion
secretion, absorption, protection
secretion, protection, absorption
protection, secretion, absorption

The function of epithelial tissue is protection by covering the body and preventing invasion; absorption by absorbing material; and secretion by secreting mucus to line and moisten the body surfaces.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Comprehension	REF:	Page 9	OBJ:	7
TOP:	Epithelial tissue function	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Implementation
MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	36.	The nurse explains that ___________are small saclike structures inside the cell that digest compounds that have invaded the cell.

ANS:	
lysosomes

Lysosomes are small saclike structures inside the cell that digest compounds that have invaded the cell.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Knowledge	REF:	Page 6	OBJ:	8
TOP:	Lysosomes	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Implementation	
MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	37.	The body plane that divides the body into the ventral and dorsal section is the_________ plane.

ANS:	
coronal

The coronal plane divides the body into ventral and dorsal (front and back) sections.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Comprehension	REF:	Page 2	OBJ:	3
TOP:	Coronal plane			KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

OTHER

	38.	List in order of increasing complexity the structural levels of organization of the body. (Separate letters by a comma and space as follows: A, B, C, D)
a. Body as a whole
b. Cellular
c. Organs
d. Tissue
e. Chemical
f. System

ANS:	
E, B, D, C, F, A

The structural levels of organization progress from the least complex (chemical) through cells, tissues, organs, systems to the most complex (the body as a whole).

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Comprehension	REF:	Page 4	OBJ:	6
TOP:	Structural levels of organization	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: N/A
MSC:	 NCLEX: N/A		

	39.	Place the body structures in cranial-caudal priority. (Separate letters by a comma and space as follows: A, B, C, D)

a. Ribs
b. Neck
c. Clavicle
d. Mandible
e. Radius
f. Occiput

ANS:	
F, D, B, C, A, E

The “top-to-bottom” priority is occiput, mandible, neck, clavicle, ribs, and radius.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Comprehension	REF:	Page 2, Figure 1-3	
OBJ:	4	TOP:	Anatomic positions		
KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Assessment	MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

	40.	Using a poster, the nurse demonstrates the protection of the nucleus. Arrange the layers starting with the most superficial. (Separate letters by a comma and space as follows: A, B, C, D)

a. Endoplasmic reticulum
b. Nuclear membrane
c. Nucleus
d. Plasma membrane
e. Cytoplasm

ANS:	
D, E, A, B, C

The most superficial covering of the nucleus is the plasma membrane, under which is the cytoplasm containing the endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear membrane, and nucleus.

DIF:	Cognitive Level: Application	REF:	Page 5	OBJ:	8
TOP:	Protective covering of nucleus	KEY:	Nursing Process Step: Implementation
MSC:	NCLEX: Physiological Integrity