Hall: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 13th Edition

Chapter 01: Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the “Internal Environment”

Test Bank

1.  What is the most abundant type of cell in the human body?
A.	Neuron
B.	Epithelial cell
C.	Red blood cell
D.	White blood cell
E.	Vascular smooth muscle cell
F.	Skeletal muscle cell

ANS C

2.  The most abundant substance in the human body and the approximate percentage of that substance in the body is which of the following?
A.	Protein, 30%
B.	Protein, 60%
C.	Water, 30%
D.	Water, 60%
E.	Carbohydrate, 30%
F.	Carbohydrate, 60%

ANS: D

3.  A large volume of blood is transfused to a person whose baroreceptor blood pressure control system is not functioning. Arterial blood pressure rises from the normal level of 100 to 160 mm Hg.  If the same volume of blood is infused into the same person when the baroreceptor  system is functioning, and this time the arterial pressure increases from the normal level of 100 mm Hg up to 120 mm Hg, what is the gain of the baroreceptor system?
A.	–3
B.	–2
C.	–1
D.	0
E.	+1
F.	+2
G.	+3

ANS: B

4.  Which of the following substances has the highest extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid concentration ratio for most mammalian cells?
A.	Sodium ions
B.	Potassium ions
C.	Carbon dioxide
D.	Glucose
E.	Protein

ANS: A

5.  Exchange of substances between the cardiovascular system and the interstitial fluid occurs mainly in which of the following?
A.	Arteries
B.	Arterioles
C.	Capillaries
D.	Venules
E.	Veins

ANS: C 

6.  What is the approximate distance from the capillaries to most cells of the body?
A.	Less than 50 angstroms
B.	Less than 50 microns
C.	Less than 50 millimeters
D.	Less than 100 angstroms
E.	Less than 100 microns
F.	Less than 100 millimeters

ANS: A 

7.  When a person is at rest, how much time is required for the blood in the circulation to traverse the entire circulatory circuit?
A.	1 second
B.	1 minute
C.	3 minutes
D.	4 minutes
E.	5 minutes

ANS: B 

8.  ______ feedback is often referred to as a "vicious cycle" because it leads to _______ instability and sometimes death.
A.	Positive, progressive
B.	Positive, diminished
C.	Negative, progressive
D.	Negative, diminished
E.	Adaptive, progressive

ANS: A 

9.  Which of the following is an example of positive feedback in the body?
A.	Clotting of blood
B.	Return of blood pressure toward normal after a hemorrhage
C.	Increased respiration rate caused by accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood
D.	Decreased sympathetic nervous system activity that occurs in response to increased blood pressure

ANS: A

10. Which of the following is an example of a “feed forward” control system?

A.	The arterial baroreceptor system
B.	The progressive nature of uterine contractions during childbirth
C.	Control of skeletal muscle movements by the brain
D.	Generation of an action potential

ANS: C

11. Which of the following statements about homeostasis is incorrect?

A.	It refers to the maintenance of a stable internal environment for the body
B.	Homeostatic mechanisms do not operate in diseases
C.	Homeostasis requires integrated actions of the cells, tissues, organs, and multiple nervous, hormonal, and local control systems
D.	Homeostatic compensations that begin after a major environmental challenge may contribute to abnormalities of body function 

ANS: B

12. Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?   
A.	Arterial baroreceptor control of blood pressure
B.	Excitation of the respiratory center by increased blood carbon dioxide concentration
C.	Hemorrhagic shock cause by severe blood loss
D.	A and B
E.	A, B, and C

ANS: D