Chapter 01: History of Medicine and Pharmacy
Elsevier: Mosby’s Pharmacy Technician, 6th Edition

MULTIPLE CHOICE

	1.	Which organization(s) saw the need for standardized education for pharmacy technicians?
a.	American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP)	
b.	American Pharmacists Association (APhA)	
c.	Michigan Pharmacists Association (MPA)	
d.	All options are correct	

ANS:	D
An urgent need for standardized training arose in the 1960s as pharmacist organizations, such as the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP), the Michigan Pharmacists Association (MPA), and the American Pharmacists Association (APhA), realized that technicians would be able to better serve the patient with additional training.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	Page 13	OBJ:	ASHP objective: none
MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none		

	2.	Who is considered the “Father of Medicine”?
a.	Plato	
b.	Hippocrates	
c.	Asclepius	
d.	Socrates	

ANS:	B
Hippocrates is considered the “Father of Medicine,” and the Hippocratic Oath is still in use today.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	Page 4	OBJ:	ASHP objective: none
MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none		

	3.	In which language were medicinal recipes (prescriptions) written until the 1900s?
a.	French	
b.	Greek	
c.	Latin	
d.	Italian	

ANS:	C
Medicinal recipes were written in Latin until the 1900s. Many Latin abbreviations are still in use when writing prescriptions.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	Page 8	OBJ:	ASHP objective: none
MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none		

	4.	Which of the following remedies are still being used today?
a.	Maggots	
b.	Trephining	
c.	Leeches	
d.	Maggots and leeches	

ANS:	D
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of both leeches and maggots in the medical setting in 1976. Trephining was the practice of cutting into the skull to give the evil spirit a portal through which to leave and is no longer used.

DIF:	Comprehension		REF:	Page 11	
OBJ:	ASHP objective: 2.5 Demonstrate basic knowledge of anatomy, physiology and pharmacology, and medical terminology relevant to the pharmacy technician’s role.	
MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none		

	5.	The effects associated with opioid receptors include all of the following except
a.	analgesia.	
b.	respiratory depression.	
c.	increased gastrointestinal motility.	
d.	euphoria.	

ANS:	C
The effects associated with the opioid receptors include analgesia, respiratory depression, pupil constriction, reduced gastrointestinal motility, euphoria, dysphoria, sedation, and physical dependence.

DIF:	Comprehension		REF:	Page 9	
OBJ:	ASHP objective: 2.5 Demonstrate basic knowledge of anatomy, physiology and pharmacology, and medical terminology relevant to the pharmacy technician’s role.	
MSC:	PTCE Domain: 1.6 Indications of medications and dietary supplements | EXCPT: 2.A.4.c. Match common prescription/legend medications with their indications	

	6.	Which of the following choices best describes sources of materials for remedies in ancient times?
a.	Chemicals, minerals, and vitamins	
b.	Minerals, animals, and plant parts	
c.	Bodies of water, plant parts, and dirt	
d.	Prayer, bones, and plant parts	

ANS:	B
Archaeologic discoveries have revealed civilizations that documented the use of minerals, animals, and plant parts to heal the sick.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	Page 4	OBJ:	ASHP objective: none
MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none		

	7.	Which medication(s) come(s) from plants?
a.	Opium	
b.	Penicillin	
c.	Quinine	
d.	Opium and quinine	

ANS:	D
Opium comes from the poppy plant. Quinine comes from cinchona bark. Penicillin comes from a mold (fungus).

DIF:	Recall	REF:	Pages 8, 9	
OBJ:	ASHP objective: 2.5 Demonstrate basic knowledge of anatomy, physiology and pharmacology, and medical terminology relevant to the pharmacy technician’s role.	
MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none		

	8.	Which soft drink originally contained cocaine and caffeine?
a.	Ginger Ale	
b.	Pepsi-Cola	
c.	Coca-Cola	
d.	Hires Root Beer	

ANS:	C
Coca-Cola was invented in 1886 by Doctor John Pemberton, a pharmacist, and was marketed as a tonic containing extracts of cocaine and caffeine.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	Page 12	OBJ:	ASHP objective: none
MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none		

	9.	The first vaccine, developed in 1796, was for the prevention of which condition?
a.	Mumps	
b.	Smallpox	
c.	Measles	
d.	Poliomyelitis (polio)	

ANS:	B
Vaccines were not developed until 1796 with the first immunization against smallpox in England.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	Page 8	OBJ:	ASHP objective: none
MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none		

	10.	Laudanum, which is a combination of opium and alcohol that was used during the Civil War for multiple conditions, was problematic for what reason?
a.	Laudanum was difficult to make.	
b.	It was very expensive.	
c.	Opium could no longer be imported.	
d.	Laudanum was highly addictive and resulted in many deaths and miscarriages.	

ANS:	D
Individuals became addicted to laudanum at an alarming rate. Many mortalities and miscarriages were attributed to this agent.

DIF:	Comprehension		REF:	Page 9	
OBJ:	ASHP objective: 2.5 Demonstrate basic knowledge of anatomy, physiology and pharmacology, and medical terminology relevant to the pharmacy technician’s role.	
MSC:	PTCE Domain: 1.5 Common and severe medication side effects, adverse effects, and allergies | EXCPT: none

	11.	Many soldiers died from which condition during the Civil War?
a.	Common diseases	
b.	Battle wounds	
c.	Postsurgical infections	
d.	All options are correct	

ANS:	D
Soldiers who did not die of their wounds succumbed to tuberculosis, typhoid fever, dysentery, and a host of other diseases, including measles, mumps, and chickenpox. Many men died of infections caused by amputations and gunshot wounds.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	Page 9	OBJ:	ASHP objective: none
MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none		

	12.	Who discovered penicillin?
a.	Alexander Fleming	
b.	Louis Pasteur	
c.	Gerhard Domagk	
d.	James Watson	

ANS:	A
Alexander Fleming accidentally contaminated a plate of bacteria with penicillium mold while working in his laboratory in 1928. The mold inhibited the growth of the bacteria, and he named the mold penicillin. More than 10 years passed before penicillin was used as an antibiotic.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	Page 10	OBJ:	ASHP objective: none
MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none		

	13.	Which of the following scientists made major contributions to the field of genetics?
a.	Watson and Crick	
b.	Gregor Mendel	
c.	Louis Pasteur	
d.	Watson and Crick and Gregor Mendel	

ANS:	D
As a result of his work with pea plants, Gregor Mendel became known as the “Father of Genetics.” In April 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick published a scientific paper presenting the structure of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)–helix, the molecule that carries genetic information from one generation to another. Louis Pasteur (France), best known for the pasteurization process, was responsible for inventing vaccinations such as the anthrax vaccine.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	Pages 8, 10	OBJ:	ASHP objective: none
MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none		

	14.	What is the name of the first pharmacy school in the United States, which opened in 1821?
a.	College of Pharmacy and Sciences in Philadelphia	
b.	College of Pharmacy in Albany	
c.	Ohio State College of Pharmacy in Columbus	
d.	Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences in Boston	

ANS:	A
The first pharmacy school opened in 1821 at the College of Pharmacy and Sciences in Philadelphia, which is now called the University of the Sciences in Philadelphia.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	Page 12	OBJ:	ASHP objective: none
MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none		

	15.	The first pharmacy technicians
a.	worked in hospitals.	
b.	worked in drug stores.	
c.	were enlisted military personnel.	
d.	were pharmacists’ wives.	

ANS:	C
The first pharmacy technicians were those enlisted in the military because of the high demand for medications to treat injuries and illness.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	Page 12	OBJ:	ASHP objective: none
MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none		

	16.	What are the benefits of pharmacy technician certification?
a.	Increased standard of education	
b.	Increased salary	
c.	Increased trust by pharmacists	
d.	All options are correct	

ANS:	D
After the PTCB was established, not only were educational standards instituted, but salaries were also increased for many certified technicians. The pharmacists’ trust in technicians also increased.

DIF:	Comprehension		REF:	Page 14	
OBJ:	ASHP objective: 2.1 Explain the importance of maintaining competency through continuing education and continuing professional development.	
MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none		

	17.	What criteria must an individual possess to become a pharmacist?
a.	Pass the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP) examination and an examination covering the individual pharmacist’s state pharmacy law	
b.	Earn a PharmD degree	
c.	Take the PTCB examination	
d.	Pass the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP) examination and an examination covering the individual pharmacist’s state pharmacy law and earn a PharmD degree	

ANS:	D
Pharmacist licensure requires examination through the NABP and an examination according to the individual pharmacist’s state pharmacy laws. The current degree required for new pharmacists is a PharmD or Doctor of Pharmacy.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	Pages 14, 15	OBJ:	ASHP objective: none
MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none		

	18.	Why are the roles of pharmacy technicians expanding to include duties that used to be limited only to pharmacists?
a.	Pharmacists are moving into more clinical roles by counseling patients and working with medical staff.	
b.	There is a shortage of pharmacists in the workforce.	
c.	Technicians are better trained in computer order entry.	
d.	Technicians are replacing pharmacists in the workplace.	

ANS:	A
The pharmacist is moving into a more highly clinical role, not only counseling patients but also working with medical staff.

DIF:	Comprehension		REF:	Page 16	
OBJ:	ASHP objective: 2.3 Describe the pharmacy technician’s role, pharmacist’s role, and other occupations in the healthcare environment.			
MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none		

	19.	Who was known as a proponent of diet, exercise, rest, and lifestyle changes to improve health?
a.	Hippocrates	
b.	Bacon	
c.	Asclepius	
d.	Salk	

ANS:	A
Hippocrates practiced what he preached with respect to exercise, rest, diet, and overall moderation in one’s lifestyle.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	Page 5	OBJ:	ASHP objective: none
MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none		

	20.	Which early physician and alchemist realized the benefit of treating a disorder with one medication at a time to determine the effectiveness and dose of each medication, rather than the customary multiple dosing?
a.	Aristotle	
b.	Paracelsus	
c.	Galen	
d.	Bacon	

ANS:	B
At the end of the Middle Ages, administering multiple remedies or large quantities of agents that had not been previously tested was a common practice. Through the use of experimentation and documentation of the effectiveness and dosage of each individual agent, Paracelsus was able to produce many medications.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	Pages 6	OBJ:	ASHP objective: none
MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none		

	21.	Which ancient treatment process consisted of cutting a hole in the skull to allow evil spirits that were thought to cause disease a way to exit the body?
a.	Bloodletting	
b.	Trephining	
c.	Leaching	
d.	Venesection	

ANS:	B
To rid oneself of an evil spirit, a cut was made into the skull to give the spirit a portal through which to leave. This type of treatment was called trephining and was often performed by a tribal shaman.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	Page 4	OBJ:	ASHP objective: none
MSC:	PTCE Domain: 4.2 Formulas, calculations, ratios, proportions, alligations, conversions, Sig codes (e.g., b.i.d., t.i.d., Roman numerals), abbreviations, medical terminology, and symbols for days supply, quantity, dose, concentration, dilutions | EXCPT: none

	22.	Who prepared remedies to cure the new immigrant patients in North America during the early 1700s?
a.	Apothecary	
b.	Medicine man	
c.	Physician	
d.	Pharmacist	

ANS:	C
In North America as new immigrants brought their families from Europe and other parts of the world, disease followed. At that time, physicians were responsible for not only diagnosing conditions but also for preparing the necessary remedies to cure patients.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	Page 8	OBJ:	ASHP objective: none
MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none		

	23.	In early American history, many people died of mercury poisoning, since mercury was used to treat
a.	diphtheria.	
b.	dysentery.	
c.	malaria.	
d.	syphilis.	

ANS:	D
Remedies used in early American history included cinchona bark (quinine) for the treatment of malaria. More unconventional and dangerous treatments were also used, such as using mercury to treat syphilis. Many persons died of mercury poisoning because of its toxicity.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	Page 8	
OBJ:	ASHP objective: 2.5 Demonstrate basic knowledge of anatomy, physiology and pharmacology, and medical terminology relevant to the pharmacy technician’s role.	
MSC:	PTCE Domain: 1.5 Common and severe medication side effects, adverse effects, and allergies | EXCPT: none

	24.	The first pharmacy operated by a registered pharmacist opened in which city in 1823?
a.	New Orleans	
b.	New York	
c.	Washington	
d.	Philadelphia	

ANS:	A
The first pharmacy managed by a registered pharmacist opened in New Orleans in 1823.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	Page 12	OBJ:	ASHP objective: none
MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none		

	25.	When was the Pharmacy Technician Certification Board (PTCB) formed?
a.	1955	
b.	1975	
c.	1990	
d.	1995	

ANS:	D
In 1995, the PTCB was formed and is responsible for creating a national examination for technicians.

DIF:	Comprehension		REF:	Pages 13, 14	
OBJ:	ASHP objective: 2.1 Explain the importance of maintaining competency through continuing education and continuing professional development.	
MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none		

	26.	Who is known as the “father of genetics”?
a.	Alexander Fleming	
b.	Claudius Galen	
c.	Gregor Mendel	
d.	Gerhard Domagk	

ANS:	C
Gregor Mendel is known as the “father of genetics.”

DIF:	Recall	REF:	Page 4	OBJ:	ASHP objective: none
MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none		

	27.	Federal patient consultation laws mandated by the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (OBRA 90) are directed at
a.	all insured patients.	
b.	all patients.	
c.	Medicaid patients.	
d.	Medicare patients.	

ANS:	C
The OBRA 90 addressed several issues concerning patient education and the monitoring of medications. Although consultation is federally mandated to be offered only to patients receiving Medicaid benefits, most states have developed statutes that require pharmacists to provide written and/or oral consultation to all patients who are prescribed new or changed medications.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	Page 15	
OBJ:	ASHP objective: 3.3 Assist pharmacists in the identification of patients who desire/require counseling to optimize the use of medications, equipment, and devices.	
MSC:	PTCE Domain: 3.3 Issues that require pharmacist intervention (e.g., drug utilization review [DUR], adverse drug event [ADE], OTC recommendation, therapeutic substitution, misuse, adherence, post-immunization follow-up, allergies, drug interactions) | EXCPT: B.1.e. Comply with federal laws and regulations applicable to pharmacy practice

	28.	Apothecary can mean a(n)
a.	pharmacist.	
b.	pharmacy technician.	
c.	drug store.	
d.	pharmacist and drug store.	

ANS:	D
Apothecary is a Latin term for pharmacist and also can mean a place where drugs are sold.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	Page 3	
OBJ:	ASHP objective: 2.5 Demonstrate basic knowledge of anatomy, physiology and pharmacology, and medical terminology relevant to the pharmacy technician’s role.	
MSC:	PTCE Domain: 4.2 Formulas, calculations, ratios, proportions, alligations, conversions, Sig codes (e.g., b.i.d., t.i.d., Roman numerals), abbreviations, medical terminology, and symbols for days supply, quantity, dose, concentration, dilutions | EXCPT: none

	29.	What is the purpose of using maggots in medicine?
a.	To reduce blood volume	
b.	To clean wounds by removing dead tissue	
c.	No longer have any purpose to the practice of medicine	
d.	To reduce pain and swelling	

ANS:	B
Maggots are fly larvae that feed on dead tissue and are used in medicine to clean wounds that are not responding to routine antibiotics.

DIF:	Comprehension		REF:	Page 3	
OBJ:	ASHP objective: 2.5 Demonstrate basic knowledge of anatomy, physiology and pharmacology, and medical terminology relevant to the pharmacy technician’s role.	
MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none		

	30.	What was the first synthetic antibiotic discovered?
a.	Penicillin	
b.	Sulfonamide	
c.	Tetracycline	
d.	Cephalosporin	

ANS:	B
The first synthetic antibiotic, sulfonamide, was discovered by Gerhard Domagk in 1938 and was derived from a chemical dye found to inhibit bacterial growth. This sulfonamide was extensively used during World War II to treat infections that were a result of battle wounds.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	Page 10	OBJ:	ASHP objective: none
MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none		

	31.	Which organization offers specialized training in sterile products and hazardous drug compounding?
a.	Critical Point	
b.	National Association of Chain Drug Stores	
c.	PCAT	
d.	PTEC	

ANS:	A
Critical Point offers specialized training in sterile products and hazardous drug compounding.

DIF:	Application	REF:	Page 15	
OBJ:	ASHP objective: 2.1 Explain the importance of maintaining competency through continuing education and continuing professional development.	
MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none		

	32.	What test must potential pharmacy students obtain a passing grade before being admitted to a school of pharmacy?
a.	MCAT	
b.	PCAT	
c.	PTCE	
d.	PTEC	

ANS:	B
College students can start a 4-year pharmacy program after successfully completing 2 to 4 years of undergraduate coursework and earning a passing score on the Pharmacy College Admissions Test (PCAT).

DIF:	Comprehension		REF:	Page 14	
OBJ:	ASHP objective: 5.10 Describe major trends, issues, goals, and initiatives taking place in the pharmacy profession.			MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none

	33.	Which website may a pharmacy technician access to obtain information on their state laws regarding pharmacy technicians?
a.	www.nabp.net	
b.	www.nabp.org	
c.	www.ptcb.org	
d.	www.ptec.org	

ANS:	A
A pharmacy technician may obtain information on their state pharmacy laws affecting pharmacy technicians at www.nabp.net.

DIF:	Application	REF:	Page 16	
OBJ:	ASHP objective: 5.2 Describe state and federal laws and regulations pertaining to pharmacy technicians.	MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none		

	34.	Which of the following topics must an entry level technician have a basic understanding?
a.	Anticoagulation services	
b.	Medication reconciliation	
c.	Pharmacokinetic services	
d.	Pharmacology	

ANS:	D
Entry level pharmacy technicians must possess skills in medications, federal requirements, patient safety and quality assurance, and order entry and processing.

DIF:	Comprehension		REF:	Page 15	
OBJ:	ASHP objective: 2.5 Demonstrate basic knowledge of anatomy, physiology and pharmacology, and medical terminology relevant to the pharmacy technician’s role.	
MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none		

	35.	Who established the germ theory of disease?
a.	Edward Mellanby	
b.	Felix Hoffman	
c.	Louis Pasteur	
d.	Selman A. Waksman	

ANS:	C
Louis Pasteur was responsible for discovering vaccines, such as the anthrax vaccine.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	Page6	OBJ:	ASHP objective: none
MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none		

	36.	What is the formal symbol of medicine?
a.	Caduceus	
b.	Hermes’ sandals	
c.	Rx symbol	
d.	Staff of Asclepius	

ANS:	D
The staff of Asclepius is the formal symbol of medicine and is associated with Asclepius, the Greek god associated with healing.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	Page 4	OBJ:	ASHP objective: none
MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none		

	37.	Which term refers to both synthetic and semisynthetic medications of opium?
a.	Hypnotic	
b.	Narcotic	
c.	Opiate	
d.	Opioid	

ANS:	D
Opioid refers to both synthetic and semisynthetic medications of opium.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	Page 9	
OBJ:	ASHP objective: 2.5 Demonstrate basic knowledge of anatomy, physiology and pharmacology, and medical terminology relevant to the pharmacy technician’s role.	
MSC:	PTCE Domain: 4.2 Formulas, calculations, ratios, proportions, alligations, conversions, Sig codes (e.g., b.i.d., t.i.d., Roman numerals), abbreviations, medical terminology, and symbols for days supply, quantity, dose, concentration, dilutions | EXCPT: none

	38.	A red show globe indicated
a.	a town had a pharmacy.	
b.	a town did not have a pharmacy.	
c.	a town was healthy.	
d.	a town had illness or was under a quarantine.	

ANS:	D
Red meant there was illness or that the town was in quarantine because of disease, whereas green meant the town was healthy and thus it was safe to come into the town.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	Page 12	OBJ:	ASHP objective: none
MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none		

	39.	In 2012, the FDA approved __________ wound dressings to treat over-the-counter abrasions, lacerations, and minor cuts.
a.	chamomile tea	
b.	manuka honey	
c.	peppermint oil	
d.	red onion	

ANS:	B
In 2012, the FDA approved manuka honey wound dressings to treat over-the-counter abrasions, lacerations, and minor cuts.

DIF:	Comprehension		REF:	Page 11	
OBJ:	ASHP objective: 2.4 Describe wellness promotion and disease prevention concepts.
MSC:	PTCE Domain: 1.6 Indications of medications and dietary supplements | EXCPT: 2.A.5. Match common over-the-counter (OTC) products with their indications

	40.	Which substance did the first 7-Up drink contain?
a.	Caffeine	
b.	Cocaine	
c.	Lithium	
d.	Opium	

ANS:	C
The first 7-Up drink was made with lithium and was sold from soda fountains for conditions such as gout, uremia, and rheumatism.

DIF:	Recall	REF:	Page 12	OBJ:	ASHP objective: none
MSC:	PTCE Domain: none | EXCPT: none